A quest for sulfur-bearing refractory species. Identification of CaS in the interstellar medium
A. Tasa-Chaveli, Á. Sánchez-Monge, A. Fuente, A. Ginsburg, H. S. P. Müller, Th. Möller, P. Rivière-Marichalar, D. Navarro-Almaida, G. Esplugues, P. Schilke, M. Rodríguez-Baras, S. Thorwirth, L. Beitia-Antero
公開日: 2025/10/3
Abstract
The recent detection of refractory molecules in massive star-forming regions provides a means of probing the innermost regions of disks around massive stars. These detections also make it possible to explore the chemical composition of refractories through gas-phase observations. In this regard, identifying refractory compounds containing sulfur could reveal potential connections between sulfur and refractories, as well as help determine the sulfur budget in these extreme environments. We find convincing evidence of a reliable detection of CaS, and tentative detections of KS and KSH in the disk G351.77-mm1. These are the first ever identifications of these species in the interstellar medium. The CaS, KS, and KSH column densities are about 3 orders of magnitude lower than those of the abundant sulfur compounds SO$_2$, CH$_3$SH and SiS, proving that these species are not the major reservoir of sulfur at the spatial scales probed by our observations. Higher angular resolution observations at different wavelengths are required to confirm these detections, which are of paramount importance to gain insights into the formation of gas-phase refractory molecules.