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Abstract

Let $(X,d)$ be a uniformly locally finite metric space, and $T$ an operator in the uniform Roe algebra $C_u^*(X)$ (or uniform quasi-local algebra $C_{ql}^*(X)$). In this paper, we introduce the concept of limit operators of $T$ on galaxies in the nonstandard extension of $X$, and prove that $T$ is a generalized Fredholm operator with respect to the ghost ideal in $C_u^*(X)$ (or $C_{ql}^*(X)$) if and only if all limit operators on afar galaxies are invertible, and their inverses are uniformly bounded. In particular, if $X$ has Yu's Property A, then $T$ is a Fredholm operator if and only if all limit operators on afar galaxies are invertible. Using techniques in nonstandard analysis, our result strengthens a work of \v{S}pakula--Willett \cite{SpW} on the characterization of Fredholmness by using less limit operators.