📝 SummarXiv

Abstract

Simultaneous measurements of volatile and refractory elements are essential for tracing the formation and migration of ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs). High-resolution infrared emission spectroscopy has been widely used to probe their atmospheres, covering molecules and atoms. For the hottest known planet, KELT-9b, whose dayside atmosphere is nearly fully dissociated and ionized, no molecules had been firmly detected. Here we report the first detection of OH in the dayside atmosphere of KELT-9b, based on two thermal emission observations with the SPIRou spectrograph, and confirm the presence of Fe. We performed a self-consistent retrieval under chemical equilibrium, constraining elemental abundances and metallicity. A significant thermal inversion layer is confirmed. No significant Doppler shifts were found, and the retrieved equatorial rotation matches the tidally locked value. The oxygen abundance is consistent with solar to supersolar (0.61$_{-0.58}^{+1.19}$ dex), while the C/O ratio and metallicity are subsolar to solar. The low metallicity may indicate a well-mixed envelope and interior. Constraints remain broad, and the data are consistent with supersolar C/O and subsolar O. Combined [C/O] and [O/H] are compatible with formation beyond the water snowline followed by inward migration, though other scenarios cannot be excluded. Volatile-to-refractory ratios, [O/Fe] = 1.25$_{-0.74}^{+0.99}$ dex and [C/Fe] = 0.60$_{-0.74}^{+0.62}$ dex, lie in the solar to supersolar range, but uncertainties limit firm conclusions. Results provide tentative evidence for volatile enrichment. Future high-resolution optical-to-infrared spectra with JWST will enable more precise abundance constraints and stronger insights into UHJ formation and migration. We also advocate a retrieval-guided cross-correlation strategy to reduce risk of missing marginal detections, as illustrated by tentative evidence for CO.