First JWST thermal phase curves of temperate terrestrial exoplanets reveal no thick atmosphere around TRAPPIST-1 b and c
Michaël Gillon, Elsa Ducrot, Taylor J. Bell, Ziyu Huang, Andrew Lincowski, Xintong Lyu, Alice Maurel, Alexandre Revol, Eric Agol, Emeline Bolmont, Chuanfei Dong, Thomas J. Fauchez, Daniel D. B. Koll, Jérémy Leconte, Victoria S. Meadows, Franck Selsis, Martin Turbet, Benjamin Charnay, Laetita Delre, Brice-Olivier Demory, Aaron Householder, Sebastian Zieba, David Berardo, Achrène Dyrek, Billy Edwards, Julien de Wit, Thomas P. Greene, Renyu Hu, Nicolas Iro, Laura Kreidberg, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, Aishwarya Iyer
Published: 2025/9/2
Abstract
We report JWST/MIRI 15 $\mu$m phase curves of TRAPPIST-1 b and c, revealing thermal emission consistent with their irradiation levels, assuming no efficient heat redistribution. We find that TRAPPIST-1 b shows a high dayside brightness temperature (490 $\pm$ 17 K), no significantly detectable nightside emission ($F_{\rm b, Night, max}$ = $39_{-27}^{+55}$ ppm), and no phase offset -- features consistent with a low-albedo, airless ultramafic rocky surface. TRAPPIST-1 c exhibits a lower dayside brightness temperature (369 $\pm$ 23 K), and a nightside flux statistically indistinguishable from that of TRAPPIST-1 b ($F_{\rm c, Night, max}$ = $62_{-43}^{+60}$ ppm). Atmosphere models with surface pressures $\geq$1 bar and efficient greenhouse effects are strongly disfavoured for both planets. TRAPPIST-1 b is unlikely to possess any substantial atmosphere, while TRAPPIST-1 c may retain a tenuous, greenhouse-poor O$_2$-dominated atmosphere or be similarly airless with a more reflective surface. These results suggest divergent evolutionary pathways or atmospheric loss processes, despite similar compositions. These measurements tightly constrain atmosphere retention in the inner TRAPPIST-1 system.