Mysteries of Capotauro - investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout
Giovanni Gandolfi, Giulia Rodighiero, Marco Castellano, Adriano Fontana, Paola Santini, Mark Dickinson, Steven Finkelstein, Michele Catone, Antonello Calabrò, Emiliano Merlin, Laura Pentericci, Laura Bisigello, Andrea Grazian, Lorenzo Napolitano, Benedetta Vulcani, Anthony J. Taylor, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Allison Kirkpatrick, Bren E. Backhaus, Benne W. Holwerda, Marika Giulietti, Nikko J. Cleri, Emanuele Daddi, Henry C. Ferguson, Michaela Hirschmann, Anton M. Koekemoer, Andrea Lapi, Fabio Pacucci, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Alexander de la Vega, Stephen Wilkins, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Micaela Bagley, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Jeyhan Kartaltepe, Casey Papovich, Nor Pirzkal
Published: 2025/9/1
Abstract
JWST has uncovered a diverse population of extreme near-infrared dropouts, including ultra high-redshift ($z>15$) galaxy candidates, dust-obscured galaxies challenging dust production theories, sources with strong Balmer breaks - possibly compact AGN in dense environments - and cold, sub-stellar Galactic objects. This work presents Capotauro, a F356W-dropout in the CEERS survey with F444W AB magnitude of $\sim27.68$ and a sharp $>3$ mag flux drop between $3.5{-}4.5\,\mu$m, undetected below $3.5\,\mu$m. We combine JWST/NIRCam, MIRI, and NIRSpec/MSA data with HST/ACS and WFC3 observations to perform a spectro-photometric analysis of Capotauro using multiple SED-fitting codes. Our setup tests $z\geq15$ as well as $z<10$ dusty, Balmer-break or strong-line galaxy solutions, and the possibility of Capotauro being a Milky Way sub-stellar object. Among extragalactic options, our analysis favors interpreting the sharp drop as a Lyman break at $z\sim32$, consistent with the epoch of formation of the first stars and black holes, with only $\sim0.5\%$ of the posterior volume at $z<25$. Lower-redshift solutions struggle to reproduce the extreme break, suggesting that if Capotauro lies at $z<10$, it must show a non-standard combination of strong dust attenuation and/or Balmer breaks, making it a peculiar interloper. Alternatively, its properties match a very cold (Y2-Y3 type) brown dwarf or a free-floating exoplanet with a record-breaking combination of low temperature and large distance ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}<300\,\mathrm{K}$, $d\gtrsim130\,\mathrm{pc}$, up to $\sim2\,\mathrm{kpc}$). While current data cannot determine its nature, Capotauro emerges as a remarkably unique object in all plausible scenarios, and a compelling target for follow-up.